All NATO Allies can contribute significantly more to deterring Russia and sharing the nuclear burden. Broader allied contributions to nuclear deterrence would better signal their resolve to defend each other despite nuclear threats or even use. A wider set of capabilities, both nuclear and conventional, would support more flexible and credible response options, while minimizing the risks of escalation to a full-scale nuclear exchange.

See more on NATO nuclear adaptation options in a policy memo for the Stimson Center written by PISM analyst Artur Kacprzyk with William Alberque.